机器会在明确定义问题边界和问题参数的系统里战胜人类

Machine will outperform humans in any system with clearly defined problem perimeter and problem parameters

Russian chess grandmaster, former world chess champion, writer, and political activist, whom many consider to be one of the greatest chess players of all time, Garry Kasparov:

I think it's a mistake that is made by many pundits that they automatically transfer the machine's expertise for the closed systems into the open-ended systems.

Because in every closed system, whether it's the game of chess, the game of Go, video games like Dota, or anything else where humans already defined the parameters of the problem, machines will perform phenomenally.

But if it's an open-ended system then machine will never identify what is the sort of the right question to be asked.

“It’s about setting the rules,” Kasparov said. “And setting the rules means that you have the perimeter. And as long as a machine can operate in the perimeter knowing what the final goal is, even if this is the only piece of information, that’s enough for machines to reach the level that is impossible for humans to compete.”

现阶段，机器会在明确定义问题边界和问题参数的系统里战胜人类

前国际象棋世界冠军卡斯帕洛夫（Garry Kasparov）：

我认为很多专家都犯下了一个错误，他们认为可以自动把机器在一个封闭系统中所积累的专业知识，轻易的转移应用到到其他开放式的系统。

在每个人类已经定义问题参数的封闭系统中，无论是下象棋，玩围棋，玩电子游戏（如dota），还是的其他任何事物，机器都将表现得格外出色。

但是，如果面对的是一个开放式的系统，那么机器将永远无法确定要问（解决）的正确问题是什么。

卡斯帕罗夫说：“这与设定规则有关。” “设置规则意味着您拥有外围（知道系统或问题的边界）。 只要一台机器能够知道目标是什么，即使这是唯一的信息，它也可以在边界所圈定的框架里运行，达到人类难以企及的水平。”